Theoretical background DEM (EDEM)
The Discrete Element Method (DEM) has been an increasingly recognised numerical tool for modelling granular systems since the original work of Cundall and Strack back in 1979 [1].
In DEM, the particulate material is modelled as an assembly of individual particles, which interact with each other or any other solid body such as the walls or moving blades of mixing equipment. The macroscopic behavior of the assembly of particles is determined by microscopic interactions amongst particles and between particles and boundaries. The path and velocity of each particle is computed in discrete time steps. This provides a wealth of information such as the frequency of collisions and duration of contacts with neighbours. Movement of particles relative to bulk flow gives a measure of dispersion and is revealing about flow and mixing mechanisms at a scale and level of detail that is very difficult to achieve by experimental means. DEM simulations in this work were performed using a commercial package (EDEM) based on the original algorithm proposed by Cundall and Strack. Commercial codes such as EDEM incorporate a powerful Graphical User Interface (GUI) that interfaces with CAD drawing packages. This and the readily available computational power allow complex mixing systems to be simulated. The reliability of DEM predictions depends entirely on the simplification of the physical models used to describe the microscopic interaction. Simplifications are necessary, and are widely used, to make complex problems solvable in sensible time frames, yet there seems to be little validation work reported in the literature that probes beyond macroscopic flow features. If DEM is to fulfil its promise of becoming as important a design tool as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), there is a need to quantify and validate the ability of DEM simulations to provide an insight into mixing mechanisms in equipment where flow is difficult to observe, let alone measure, on the granular scale.
پیشینه نظری تو (EDEM)روش عنصر گسسته (DEM) یک ابزار عددی به طور فزاینده ای به رسمیت شناخته شده برای مدل سازی سیستم های دارای دانه های ریز از کار اصلی Cundall و Strack در سال 1979 [1] بوده است. In DEM, the particulate material is modelled as an assembly of individual particles, which interact with each other or any other solid body such as the walls or moving blades of mixing equipment. The macroscopic behavior of the assembly of particles is determined by microscopic interactions amongst particles and between particles and boundaries. The path and velocity of each particle is computed in discrete time steps. This provides a wealth of information such as the frequency of collisions and duration of contacts with neighbours. Movement of particles relative to bulk flow gives a measure of dispersion and is revealing about flow and mixing mechanisms at a scale and level of detail that is very difficult to achieve by experimental means. DEM simulations in this work were performed using a commercial package (EDEM) based on the original algorithm proposed by Cundall and Strack. Commercial codes such as EDEM incorporate a powerful Graphical User Interface (GUI) that interfaces with CAD drawing packages. This and the readily available computational power allow complex mixing systems to be simulated. The reliability of DEM predictions depends entirely on the simplification of the physical models used to describe the microscopic interaction. Simplifications are necessary, and are widely used, to make complex problems solvable in sensible time frames, yet there seems to be little validation work reported in the literature that probes beyond macroscopic flow features. If DEM is to fulfil its promise of becoming as important a design tool as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), there is a need to quantify and validate the ability of DEM simulations to provide an insight into mixing mechanisms in equipment where flow is difficult to observe, let alone measure, on the granular scale.
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